Forces pf Habit, 2 Essays

Forces pf Habit, 2 Essays Forces pf Habit, 2 Essay Forces pf Habit, 2 Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: : Forces of Habit 2 As people continued using drugs, their purposes for doing so changed. Drugs were no longer something that the physicians controlled, but people began self-administering them and this changed the social approach to drugs. The rich and the powerful in the society were ready to capitalize on this change. They defeated efforts by the government to restrict the sale of some drugs such as tobacco and alcohol despite the negative consequences associated with them. The government benefited from the drug taxes, and to some extent became dependent on them as a main form of revenue. The author observes, â€Å"The clash between opportunities for profit and concerns about health forms the central moral and political conflict running through the history of psychoactive commerce (Courtwright 91) The psychoactive revolution has contributed towards ensuring a global access of the drugs (188). Different governments have often taken advantage of the mind-altering effects of the drugs to control the people. Governments have encouraged the use of the drugs as a way of helping people deal with the harsh life situations. The modern world today is full of confident people who believe that they can accomplish anything they want. It is at the same time a world full of isolated people. People have realized that they no longer need their communities to be an integral part of their lives since they can make it on their own. The drugs have become an important part of people’s lives today because they help them deal with all the mental anguish, depression, and other psychological problems that they may be experiencing. People no longer need other people’s company to relieve their problems, since they can depend on the drugs. As technology advanced, people found new ways of using the psychoactive resources. This resulted to changes in the way that people consumed the resources. For instance, Europeans had always used wine, but the development of the distillation process led to the development of spirits that were highly addictive and had other negative health consequences. The Ethiopians chewed their coffee beans for stimulation but the development of European technology led to the development of modern day coffee, which is also addictive. The changing nature in the use of the drugs has contributed to the definition of modernity. People in the contemporary world are not afraid of trying new things, and they readily change the nature of a commodity to suit their present need. Many people would not have enjoyed the process of chewing coffee beans, but its flexibility and adaptability has led to different flavors and varieties, which many people find suitable. People in the modern world are constantly seeking gratification from the substances they consumer. The changing nature of the drugs from medicinal to recreational forms has continued to define modernity. No longer is alcohol used to treat wounds or ease labor pains, and tobacco is no longer used to fight fatigue. People have found that they benefit from the consumption of the drugs when they take them as a form of recreation. They smoke cigarettes to calm them down and to make them feel good. They take amphetamines and other drugs such as heroin and cocaine for the purposes of feeling that instant gratification. This has limited the medicinal usage of the drugs. It has led to the development and spread of the drug underworld trade. The rich continue getting richer, as they sell the drugs to the users, some of whom are now addicts. Work Cited Courtwright, T. David. Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2009. Print

Latin Plural Endings

Latin Plural Endings Latin Plural Endings Latin Plural Endings By Mark Nichol Pluralization of Latin-based nouns is a complicated field. Preference for Latin or English plural endings is inconsistent in similarly constructed words, as is the presence of alternative forms at all. Here’s a guide to plural forms for Latin words, identifying, for more than a hundred nouns of Latin origin and a few similarly constructed terms from other languages, which ending among two or three alternatives is preferred for particular words or in which contexts various alternative forms are employed. When two or more alternatives are listed, the first is the more (or most) common. Words ending in a, plural -s or -ae alga: algae or algas antenna: antennas or antennae (only antennae is correct for the sensory organs on animals; antennas in more common in other contexts) formula: formulas or formulae larva: larvae or larvas nebula: nebulae or nebulas: the former ending is employed in astronomy, and the latter applies in medical contexts vertebra: vertebrae or vertebras (vertebrae is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to a single vertebra) Words ending in ex, plural -exes or -ices apex: apexes or apices index: indexes or indices vortex: vortices or vortexes Words ending in eau, plural -eaus or -eaux bureau: bureaus or bureaux (the latter form is rare for this word and the other two in this category) chà ¢teau: chà ¢teaus or chà ¢teaux plateau: plateaus or plateaux Words ending in ion, plural -ia criterion: criteria ganglion: ganglia or ganglions Words ending in is, plural -es analysis: analyses axis: axes basis: bases crisis: crises diagnosis: diagnoses ellipsis: ellipses hypothesis: hypotheses oasis: oases paralysis: paralyses parenthesis: parentheses synopsis: synopses synthesis: syntheses thesis: theses Words ending in ix appendix: appendixes or appendices matrix: matrices or matrixes Words ending in o, plural -os or -i graffito: graffiti (the plural form is almost invariable used in place of the singular form) libretto: librettos or libretti virtuoso: virtuosos or virtuosi Words ending in o, plural -os or -oes armadillo: armadillos avocado: avocados or avocadoes banjo: banjos or banjoes bistro: bistros calypso: calypsos or calypsoes (the former spelling pertains to either the flower or the music style, and the latter form applies only to the music form) cargo: cargoes or cargos casino: casinos contralto: contraltos dingo: dingoes domino: dominoes or dominos dynamo: dynamos echo: echoes or echos ego: egos embargo: embargoes flamingo: flamingos or flamingoes folio: folios grotto: grottoes or grottos hero: heroes hippo: hippos innuendo: innuendos or innuendoes lasso: lassos or lassoes mango: mangoes or mangos motto: mottoes paparazzo: paparazzi pistachio: pistachios portfolio: portfolios potato: potatoes radio: radios ratio: ratios rhino: rhinos or rhino stiletto: stilettos or stilettoes studio: studios tornado: tornadoes or tornados torpedo: torpedoes veto: vetoes volcano: volcanoes or volcanos weirdo: weirdos Words ending in oo, plural -oos cockatoo: cockatoos kangaroo: kangaroos zoo: zoos Words ending in um, plural -a or -ums addendum: addenda or addendums agendum: agenda or agendums (agenda is almost invariably used in place of the singular form, and agendums is rare) aquarium: aquariums or aquaria atrium: atria or atriums bacterium: bacteria candelabrum: candelabra or candelabrums corrigendum: corrigenda curriculum: curricula or curriculums datum: data or datums (data is often used as a mass noun, taking a singular verb and being substituted by a singular pronoun) erratum: errata gymnasium: gymnasiums or gymnasia maximum: maxima or maximums medium: mediums or media (media is the correct alternative to refer to forms of expression or information or in biological contexts) memorandum: memorandums or memoranda millennium: millennia or millenniums minimum: minima or minimums moratorium: moratoriums or moratoria podium: podiums or podia referendum: referenda or referendums spectrum: spectra or spectrums stratum: strata symposium: symposiums or symposia Words ending in us, plural -uses or -i alumnus/alumna: alumni or alumnae (alumnus refers to a man and alumna to a woman, alumni pertains to men or to men and women and alumnae to women; alumni is often employed in the singular, and alum/alums are used informally as gender-neutral singular and plural forms) bacillus: bacilli cactus: cacti or cactuses focus: foci or focuses fungus: fungi or funguses hippopotamus: hippopotamuses or hippopotami locus: loci narcissus: narcissi or narcissuses or narcissus platypus: platypuses or platypi radius: radii or radiuses stimulus: stimuli syllabus: syllabi or syllabuses terminus: termini or terminuses Words ending in on, plural -a or -ons automaton: automotons or automata phenomenon: phenomena or phenomenons Assorted cherub: cherubim or cherubs (the former alternative applies to angels and the latter pertains to depictions of winged children or to cherubic-looking people) rhinoceros: rhinoceroses or rhinoceros or rhinoceri seraph: seraphim or seraphs Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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